"The texts which I now introduce are in one respect comparable to those which I wrote down from Maqsud Haji in 1935: they represent the indigenous knowledge and conception of agricultural matters of natives of Eastern Turkestan. They are all contained in a manuscript numbered Prov. 207 kept in the manuscript division of the University Library of Lund. These texts were written down in Kashghar around 1905-1910 upon the instigation of G. Raquette, who in those days was a missionary-surgeon in the Mission Covenant Church of Sweden in Kashghar. His intention was to use these texts and all the other texts contained in Prov. 207 for an Eastern Turki-English Dictionary which however was never written. The authors of these texts are two natives of Kashghar: Abdu Vali Akhon." ... "Of Abdu Vali Akhon is only known that he was an ordinary mullah of good reputation."
Jarring, Gunnar.1997-1998.Agriculture and Horticulture in Central Asia. Lund: Royal Society of Letters Scripta Minora 2 pp. 13-24. (=Prov. 207 II: 7);
The texts...are all contained in a manuscript numbered Prov. 207 kept in the manuscript division of the University Library of Lund. These texts were written down in Kashghar around 1905-1910 upon the instigation of G. Raquette, who in those days was a missionary-surgeon in the Mission Covenant Church of Sweden in Kashghar. His intention was to use these texts and all the other texts contained in Prov. 207 for an Eastern Turki-English Dictionary which however was never written. “ | “In connection with the publication of these texts I would like to call attention to the existence of "handbooks" for the farmers called risa:lɛji dïhqančïlïq - as a matter of fact there are such hand-books for almost every profession. The risala of agriculture begins with an enumeration of the prophets, beginning with the Holy Adam, Khojas and other important Muslim personalities who have devoted their life to agriculture, and ending with the Prophet Muhammed himself. Then follows a questionnaire: egɛr sorsɛlɛr kim ... dʓɛwa:b ɛjtɣïl "if they (people) ask ... then reply". The questions are mainly of religious character but sometimes deal with practical agricultural matters. The replies always contain a short Arabic prayer to be read on such occasions. In the collection of Eastern Turki manuscripts in the University Library of Lund there are four such hand-books of agriculture numbered Prov. 2:2, 396:4, 400:5, 406:2 with slightly different contents, the most detailed one being Prov. 396:4. Furthermore I refer to a lithographed edition Majmuayi-risala, lithographed in Tashkent by Ghulam Hassan Arifdzjanov (probably around 1910, no date indicated). A copy is to be found in my collection of Central Asian lithographs, now in the University Library of Lund, numbered Lit. 92. The copy contains 21 different risalas and prayers. Let me end by stating that agriculture has not been a popular theme with the turcologists who have devoted their time to the ethnology of Eastern Turkestan. As far as can be seen only Katanov (KM II: 8 on the names of fruits - Die Bedeutung der Obstnamen) and Malov (Malov 11:9-11 (Khotan) cotton, wheat, maize, flax; Malov 11:54 (Aq-su) about mutual aid (lapkut)) have some insignificant information on this subject.”
Need to figure out what exact sound the glyph ȧ represents, and convert it to IPA; ž.
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chkd line 7
final edits
Jarring “1 dïhqančïlïq a farmer's trade, agriculture P. dihkhān or dihgān (Steingass 549) chief man or magistrate of a village, prince or head of the farmers ... cultivator of the ground +T. -čï-lïq; dïhqančï gives the impression of a tautological form but probably, when borrowed, it had the meaning farming in general.”
Jarring “1 dïhqančïlïq a farmer's trade, agriculture P. dihkhān or dihgān (Steingass 549) chief man or magistrate of a village, prince or head of the farmers ... cultivator of the ground +T. -čï-lïq; dïhqančï gives the impression of a tautological form but probably, when borrowed, it had the meaning farming in general.” | eleyhisselaam 'may honor and peace be upon him' (here treated as a noun), arb. عليه وسلم
Jarring “2 bu̇bi title for a lady, normally bibi; cf. D 820 bibi; RN 75 bibi who considers it a 'Lallwort'; Sev. II: 127 bibi; Menges 26 bübi P. bēwå which seems doubtful; it probably is Turkic and a 'prattle' word” | “3 buɣdaj drɛχti the wheat tree, 'the tree of knowledge', cf. El art. 'Ādam, p. 177 - the forbidden fruit as wheat goes back to Jewish tradition.”
itaaet A. itaa'at 'obedience' ~tin chiq- 'to leave the path of obdience, to disobey' (Jarring 1998:71) | rebbalizet A. rabb 'Lord, God', ~ alizzet 'Lord of Glory' (Jarring 1998:74) | peshaane P peshaanii 'forehead, brow' (Jarring 1998:73) | mesheqqet A. mashaqqat 'difficulty, hardship' (Jarring 1998:72)
Jarring “4 adam here meaning 'man, mankind' although not a pun” | “5 jergɛ one would have expected jerni — the same in line 13 and 19”
Jarring “6 ot normally 'grass, herb', here 'weed'” | “7 jantaq a thorny bush, according to SH 226 yántáq the camel plant, Alhagi maurorum”
Jarring “8 šorluq a place with salt soil P. shor 'salt' +T. -luq; cf. J 288 šorlaq a salty place, a place with white efflorescence on the ground from salt or nitrate which makes the soil barren” | “9 zɛj moisture; z. čïq- to become waterlogged; N 474 zɛj moisture, humidity, zɛjsu backwater; Malov II: 112 zɛjsu quietly flowing water which extends over a wide area, swamps and wetland; Tenishev 185 zäj a canal irrigating vineyards; Schwarz 556 zäy 1 dampness, humidity, moisture; waterlogging - origin? Iranian?” | buyur- cf. MSU buyru- metathesis (GE)
Jarring “9a sɛɣïz clay, clayey; J 267 sæɣïz clay, a kind of fine clay used for plaster, plaster; aq s. chalk; cf. Malov 1:178 seɣiz clay, sulphur (Russ. sera), resin (Russ. smola); Menges 110 seɣiz; C 817 sagız/sakız”
Jarring “10 gu̇lza:rlïq P. gulzār +T. -lïq 'garden of roses' ” | behisht 'Paradise' P. bihisht (Jarring 1998:68)
Jarring “11 azɣan 31 dogrose, thorn; SH 216 ázghán a species of rose, Rosa” | “12 dzïɣan name of an unidentified plant, perhaps the same as čïɣan in Jarring, Central Asian Turkic Place-names, p. 105 a kind of bush=Hippophae rhamnoides L”
Jarring “13 adn А. 'adn Steingass 839 settling in any country adndaki bagh 'the gardens of Paradise' (Jarring 1998:67) 'Eden' (AD) | “14 igɛda:rlïq ownership igɛ owner+the P. suffix -dār-+T. -Iïq ownership; i. qïl- to own” | “15 tu̇p J 318 tu̇p root, piece (used as an auxiliary word in counting trees and plants); cf. С 434 tü:b; D 995 tüp; RN 505 *tüp; Menges 131 tüp” | efzel A. afz.al 'more, most excellent' (Jarring 1998:67)
Jarring “16 ira:dɛ A. irādat 'wishing, will, purpose' - here better translated with 'task'” | “17 jergɛ išlɛ- one would have expected jerni išlɛ-, the same construction in 1:13 and 1:19, 23 jergɛ terip” | evlaad A. aulaad (p. of salad) 'sons, children' (Jarring 1998:68)
Jarring “18 drɛχtni omitted in the text”
19 mɛrtɛbɛsidin tüš- lit. 'to fall from one's position, i.e. to be demoted' | mertebe A. martabat, martaba 'step, stair, office, dignity' (Jarring 1998:72)
qismet A. qismat 'fate, destiny' (Jarring 1998:74)
Jarring “20 bašqa written bašqɛ, the same in arра line 20 written arpɛ, I transcribe with an a in accordance with the normal vowel harmony” | “21 köčɛt sapling; J 179 ku̇čɛt~küčɛt plant of a tree; k. sal- to plant; köčúr- J 175 to replant, to transplant; cf. Menges 68 köcür- umsetzen, pflanzen; cf. further D 1663 *köčät Sprössling” | qoy- 'put (in ground), plant' (not an LVV here) (GE).
Jarring “22 arpa, written arpɛ barley; J 26 arpa~a:pa~a:pɛ do; SH 216 árpa barley, Hordeum distichum; С 198 arpa; probably an Indo-European (Tokharian ?) loan-word; D 445 arpa; RN 27 arpa; Sev. I:l76 arpa” | “23 kömmɛ qonaq a special kind of maize; cf. Jarring, Garments, p. 47 n. 2 kömmɛ qonaq or kömɛ qonaq, also kömɛk a special kind of maize; Malov II: 132 köma qonaq (Turfan) maize; LCI:95; LCVI: 116 kömä qonaq Mais; LCII: 127 kömä qonáq do.; N 609 atčisliq kömɛ qonaq maize with big grains; Zakharova 228 has kömür konak for 'maize'; as kömür 'coal' in Eastern Turki also has the form kömɛr~kömɛ (J 179 ku̇mu̇r) it could hint at kömmɛ kömɛ kömɛr-kömɛ. On the other hand it could be kömɛk qonaq with an elided k. But how to explain kömɛk? | 24 aq qonaq lit. white maize; SH 216 áq qonáq the great millet Holcus sorghum; Schwarz 648 aq qonaq white sorghum” | “25 šal P. shālī rice in the husk; J 284 rice-grain, growing rice; SH 222 shál the rice-plant Oryza sativa; Schwarz 515 şal 1 standing rice, paddy” | “26 tirïq millet; J 307 tïrïɣ~tïrïq~tærïɣ~tæjïɣ millet; SH 219 tarigh millet, Panicum miliaceum; St. 138 teriq millet; С 537-538 tarıǧ; D 119 tarïɣ, RN 764 tary-; Sev. 111:157 darïɣ” | “27 maš P. māsh bean; J 187 maš bean, gram-bean, mung-bean; SH 225 másh the bean, Phaseolus mungo; St. 371 maš green beans; RN 329 maš; Menges 74 maš” | “28 noχud P. nukhūd pea; J 210 noχud~noχut chick-pea; SH 225 nakhud without description; LCII: 129 nakhūd, noχót Cicer arietinum; RN 354 noḥut” | “29 ču̇žgu̇n qonaq a kind of maize; the written form is with they very rare consonant ž indicating a non-Turkic origin. The word is enigmatic. Schwarz 356 has çüzgün with z a bot.n. Setaria viridis; ç. qonaq green bristlegrass Eriocaulon buergerianum), scarcely a grain-producing plant - cf. VII: 11+n. 24 ču̇zgu̇n” | “30 zɛɣïr flax P. zaghīr linseed; J 336 zïɣïr line, flax; SH 221 zighir flax, Linum usitatissimum; but SH 114 zaghir linseed, flax (grown only for the oil)” | “31 kɛndir hemp, the hemp plant, Cannabis saliva; J 166 kndir~ kɛndi do.; SH 225 kaindir [=kɛndir] the hemp plant, Cannabis sativa; С 729 kendir probably an Indo-European (Tokharian?) loanword; D 1647 *kenǰïr, RN 252 käntir P.” | “32 ku̇ndʓu̇t written ku̇ndʓu̇d the sesame seed; J 180 ku̇ndʓit ~ ku̇ndʓút do.; SH 224 kunjud a cruciferous plant; LCII:28 künğüt Sesam; С 727 künçit a loanword from Tokharian; RN 309 künčit” | “33 zaraŋza safflower; SH 221 zarangza the safflower plant, Carthamus tinctorius; С 989 zaranza: no doubt a loan-word, Soghdian?; Rakhimov 172 zarangza possibly Chinese origin” | “34 kepɛz or kipɛz cotton; J 168 kebɛz~kevez~kɛvɛz cotton, the cotton-plant; SH 224 kaibaz the cotton-plant, Gossypium herbaceum; Tenishev 89 käväz; C 692 kebez 'cotton seed' a loanword” | “35 čamɣur turnip; J 64 čamɣur~ čamɣu turnip, rape; SH 219 chámghur the turnip, Brassica rapa; Menges 27 čamɣur, C 408 çağmur, RN 98 čamɣur, čaɣmur, metathesis like jamɣur~jaɣmur 'rain'; Han-Woo Choi 194 reads two nouns into čaɣmur, i.e. čaɣ with uncertain origin and mur probably a loan from Chinese; but the alternation -ɣur~ -mur is not taken into consideration” | “36 pia:z onion P. piyāz; SH 218 piaz onion, Allium сера” | “37 zɛrdɛk carrot P. zardak; SH 221 sardak the carrot, Daucus carrota” | “38 qoɣun melon; J 250 qoɣun-qaɣun, also qauɣun, qaɯɣun; SH 223 qoghun sweet melon; LC 11:127 qoghun (qōɣún) die Melone - different kinds enumerated; С 611 ka:ğu:n perhaps a loanword; RN 220 kaɣun” | “39 tarbuz the watermelon P. tarbuz; J 295 tarbuz-taɯuz do.; SH 219 tárbuz the watermelon, Citrullus vulgaris; D 1382 tarbus Melone Iran.; RN 464 tarbuz-tarbus P. tarbūza” | “40 qatarlïq like this, such qata:r A. qitār series, line +T. -lïq 'in line'”
jumle A. jumlat, jumla 'group' (Jarring 1998:69)
sɛrɛndʓa:m P. sar-andjaam 'implement[, tool]' (Jarring 1998:74)
41 döš; J 88 döš a mound of mud inside an irrigated field (etiz) after irrigating, cf. also Jarring, Materials IV: 19, n. 3 with a more detailed description; J 88 döšlɛ- to remove a d., to level; here d. al- to level; cf. Schwarz 272 döş an elevated area in a field; d. al- to level land [Mo. dosi]; Lessing 264 dosi/dos hillock, mound by a marmot's burrow - a Mongol derivation seams unconvincing to me as Mongolian agriculture scarcely is based on irrigation” | “42 araba a cart; J 25 araba~arba~harva~haravo a cart on two very big wheels, waggon, cart, load cart; RW 15 n. 2 arabah a cart used for field-work; A.P. 'arāba, arāba; for different etymologies v. D 440 araba” | “43 hɛjdɛ-=lit. 'to drive", here 'to plough'” | “44 uj ujɣɛ evidently means 'yoked together'” | “45 boqusa J 58 boqusa~buqusa~buqusæ plough, a wooden plough; noted by R as boqursi 'the ridge of a plough'; cf. SH 51 buqu the wooden framework of a plough; it is no doubt a loan-word, cf. С 319 bokursı: probably Tokharian” | “46 sörɛm a leveller board; J 278 sörɛm ~ söjɛm a board which is dragged along over a field by an ox in order to level the ground; Schwarz 484 söräm wooden harrow, made of one or two wooden boards, without spikes; for a picture of s.v. Hoppe (1995) p. 96” | “47 tiš lit. tooth; plough-share”
parche P. parchaa 'piece, lot' (Jarring 1998:73)
Jarring “48 us- (uss- is probably an error) here to be translated with 'to load'; cf. J 324 us- with different meanings of which qum u. 'to bale sand' seems to be closest to the present case; cf. further Menges 133 us-“ | “49 duŋ hill, hillock; high; cf. J 89 duŋ-döŋ; RN 140 döŋ Mong.; Sev. 111:279 döŋ; Menges 37 döŋ; here duŋ jer high place” | “50 aɣdamɛ manure or earth spreader, a cart used for spreading manure or earth when preparing the fields; cf. UT 1:112 aɣdurma harva with the same meaning; aɣdamɛ aɣdama aɣdarma, cf. Šiv. 9 aɣdarma=mollaqčï harva (Kashghar) a 'tip out' cart; harva arva araba (q.v.)” | “51 čumqur (or possibly čomqur) deep; in modern Uighur čoŋqur Schwarz 348; St. 165); J 78 čuqur, R notes from Kashghar čuŋqur, cf. С 406 çok-; D 1099 čuqur, RN 120 čuŋkur, evidently both čumqur and čuŋqur were current forms in Kashghar at the turn of the century” | “51a etiz J 100 a portion of land, divided off for irrigation”
Jarring “52 o:sɛ the first irrigation; J 215 o:sa ~ o:sæ the watering of the fields before ploughing, the first irrigation, watering the first time; Malov II: 142 osa (Aqsu) | 53 kelïš-169 to arrange; in 1:34 to put in good order”
Jarring “54 ku̇č jaɣač lit. 'power wood’, the wooden staff to which the plough is connected; for a picture v. Sykes Sykes, p. 304 | 55 sapkɛ the handle of a plough; not the plough itself as in J 265 sapka plough, taken from Raquette, English Eastern Turki Dictionary. Although it appears in Jacob Stephen's unpublished English-Uighur Word-book as säpkä 'plough' I have my doubts that sapka~sɛpkɛ really means 'plough'. From the context here [boqusɛ] sapkɛsidin it is quite clear that it means only the handle of the plough. It evidently has to be connected with J 265 sap handle, shaft; N 492 sap do.; Schwarz 452 sap 1 do.; С 782 sa:p (sap) the handle of a sword, knife etc.; cf. further Jarring, Place-names 403 sap 1 oar, also a fishing-implement – sɛpkɛ appears in N 505 with quite another meaning viz. 1) rash, eruption, 2) freckles | 56 mɛjdɛ fine, soft, pulverized P. Steingass 1360 maida the finest flour; otherwise in Uighur in the meaning 'small' (N 709 mɛjdɛ)
J. had 'he leads in water' [sic]
J. had 'leads the water in' [sic]
Jarring “57 basurup no doubt is a writing error for basturup; bastur- causative of bas- to press together, to level”
Jarring “58 zira:ɛt here in the meaning 'crop' | 59 tɛŋšil- normally means 'to be adjusted or regulated', but here has to be understood 'to reach equal height' i.e. the crop should have grown even before it is watered” | ɣunčɛ cf. MSU ɣičɛ (GE)
Jarring “60 tɛp- to kick; here elipse for χïrman t. to thresh; the threshing is casually performed by a pair of oxen who tread the crop” | “61 sor- or soru- to winnow; s. ellipse for χïrman s. to winnow the grain in a threshing-ground; J 277 sor--sora- to sift the grain from the chaff by throwing it in the air against the wind; Malov 1:179 soru- to winnow; Malov 11:152 sor- (Khotan) to winnow; N 514 soru- do.; Menges 114 sor- schütteln; sor-sovur-“ | χɨrman 'threshing ground', cf. MSU χaman (GE).
Jarring “62 a:rï hay-fork cf. J 26 a:rï~ara do.; N 26 ara five-fingered fork, 31 ari fork; UT 1:57 ara hayfork, made of iron or wood with three or five fingers. Etymology?” | “63 gu̇dʓɛk shovel; oar; SH 169 gujjak a shovel; Malov 111:100 güdʓek, güidʓek gürdʓek) oar, shovel, spade, 101 gürdʓäk do.; N 679 güdʓek shovel; Schwarz 847 güjäk -güŋäk spade, shovel, oar, paddle; St. 358 güŋɛk a spade; Jarring, Place-names 154 gu̇dʓɛk origin? Iran?” | “64 ɣɛlbir a sieve; P. ghalbīr do.; J109 ɣælbïr~ ɣælvïr do.; Menges 42 ɣærbul” | “65 ötkɛrmɛ a sieve; here written ötgɛrmɛ; cf. J 220 ötkɛ:mɛ~ötkɛmɛ; St. 454 ötkɛ:mɛ a large sieve -a verbal noun ötkɛr- to cause to pass through öt- to pass; LC 1:82 ötkärmä grobes Sieb (Qomul); LCVI: 83:7:7, LCVI: 114 Sieb; The difference between ö. and ɣɛlbir seems to be that ö. has larger holes and therefore does not sift as finely as the ɣɛlbir”